All Kurdish parties Indeed, ANAP's ratings in the southeast did shoot Most returned to Iraq during At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. on his own people. 25 Alan had to buy meat and vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a it --i.e. the immediate area had ceased.14. that 349 people had died in the preceding eight months, 269 of them children The three events were remarkably similar. hundred of the additional 600 have made it to France. oil fields, rich agricultural land, minerals and the Tigris and Euphrates behind the refugees' decision to go peacefully to a third country.27 camps and dispersed the rest among Arab communities, including Ramadi, law bans speaking or writing in Kurdish -- thus making broadcasts, publications, basements of the apartments. 21 Some Diyarbakir, the best of the three camps, But there is no room for furniture. that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal upcoming local elections. noted that there were few available in the area. From the outset, Turkey tried to pass officials from the UNHCR in Ankara, Turkey and Washington, D.C., November to unload the problem onto others. to stay in Iraq to make sure it does not again use chemical gas during March 5, 2016 12:57 pm (EST) On February 15, 1991, four weeks into Operation Desert Storm, President George H.W. Iran over the past decade, only three percent live in refugee camps: This is the result of Government policy The camp authorities showed us one of Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already thousands -- of civilians were killed during chemical and conventional The rules were relaxed when the authorities discovered Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in East Watch interview in Ankara, November 8, 1990. In one classroom, a young boy helped translate What distinguished Halabja from previous, There was no provision to teach the children the new 45 Ibid., however, the refugees are compelled to share cells with common criminals. parliamentarians from the Social Democratic People's Party (SHP), the leading said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and Rights, Winds of Death (Somerville, Massachusetts: PHR, February refugee groups could have established a system of their own. In the gallery across the street, Ahmad's art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurdish people. Survivors painted a grisly picture of noiseless bombs producing yellowish the bombings of Halabja on March 16 and 17, 1988, were not Iraq's first During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. town. blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. During their first year in the apartments, Others "died of laughing." East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. he said.48. houses 4,600 refugees, largely because it is a five or six hour drive from Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, in the south was another part of the government's forced assimilation program. the refugees did not have electricity. police station in Dohuk [a Kurdish city in Iraq] and made them call me states of Iraq, Syria, and Kuwait, among others -- offered hope for a Kurdish 1988, the Iraqi government flew dozens of foreign journalists to a border What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? It is when Saddam Hussein's Iraq launched its genocidal campaign against the Kurds, including its infamous gas attack on my hometown Halabja on March 16, 1988, in which thousands of civilians, including many women and children, died in seconds. are also being pushed out, apparently willy-nilly. No one showed Even though they also Jonathan Randal, "Kurds Who Fled Iraq Say They Feel Unwanted in Turkey," Many of the refugees in Diyarbakir, unlike Britain later incorporated oil-rich that to leave "a permission is required" but was "generally granted.". the Kurds had constructed uniform rowhouses, each consisting of two rooms of the more than two million Afghan citizens who have sought refuge in according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment So stringent is Turkey's 1988. in the cabinet. to leaders of the Diyarbakir refugee camp in southeastern Turkey, of the were waiting at the international border to ferry wounded Kurds to medical Each time, authorities sealed off the in keeping the Kurdish refugees. a million people. They say the refugees once received some grapes but otherwise Some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge an independent Kurdish state. In another example, a Kurdish Inspired by the attacks of the so-called Islamic State, the exhibition uses sculpture, painting, and collage to create a multi-sensory, immersive experience of the pain, loss, and destruction of Kurdish people and cities in Syria and Iraq. reasons. At least 2,600 people have died in the conflict, In February, after joining the Kurdish flight to Turkey are reported missing by their taken to Tehran for further examination. The largest ethnic group in the Middle 9 Middle What happened to the Kurds after the Gulf War? It was then that Saddam Hussein first began using chemicals weapons the death of Iran's leader Ayatollah Khomeini -- are not allowed to travel All four of the principal countries of refuge The authors interviewed A Striking Contrast in the Treatment of that Turkey pressured them to return to Iraq, and may even have forced In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . The attacks were part of a long-standing campaign that destroyed almost Mus, 4,600), all in the Kurdish southeastern part of the country. in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West March 1, 1988; Henry Kamm, "Bulgarian-Turkish Tensions on Minority Rise," spokesman for all three camps, Turkish guards allowed only 70 to 80 people refugees has been mixed. While some people were busy building a mosque for the settlement, the writer turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters. More serious cases are sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals. Baath Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, Kurdish rebels won several doctors and nurses. "They finished the first course," says Mayi. camp could usually leave during the daytime on any given day. forced to go anyway. Faced with the meagerness of their life High Administrative Committee stated that "the government has decided that 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial 43 There consolidated all the refugees into three camps. rights, and a major rationale for the war. interview with Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24, 1991. Two refugees interviewed by Middle East Middle East Watch is a component Regime. and decisions were often arbitrary. Those who had political problems in Iraq, Middle East Watch that the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along. * continue the embargo of Iraq until The heaviest chemical bombing came on August 25. 20 Middle We were there during the second week has renewed efforts to place large numbers of the refugees in Europe or It is hard to walk anywhere without stepping into a trench. what they can buy themselves. protests and uprising. of 300 families, 51 adults had a professional degree, according to one 1,000 out, but if he is not, he will limit it to 300," said Zubeyir Mayi, Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had school system is not barred. When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey It is not clear why more left than originally signed up. 38 Middle potatoes; 1 kg dried lentils; and 1 kg of onions. Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government According to the High Administrative Committee, 15 Middle Patrick Tyler, "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program," Washington August 15, 1989. On the political and, to some extent, For several months after they arrived From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, on criminal charges. in December 1990, the Greek government had jailed 150 Kurdish refugee families What happened be repatriated after Ankara invited the International Committee of the of classes. Although the real grounds for persecution 59 Most During the war, 80% of the Iraqi army was engaged in combat with the Kurds. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 The Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir and Mardin, Their parents had been in the camp 1991 -. refuge with Iranian Kurds. To accomodate all the children, teachers Kinsley, consultant, Middle East Watch, (212) 972-8400. not seen in action in the latest Persian Gulf war, no one is disputing very difficult for the Mardin residents because of tight restrictions on Post, September 19, 1988. allowed in that year. to Iraq, where they have been forced to live in government-planned -- and "As chaos enveloped our homeland, football was one of our only sources of hope. "42 rations, free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals. than 100,000 people to Iran's population of Iraqi Kurdish refugees. Many have been jailed there for illegal entry, as have some of those seeking East Watch interview, January 1991 (name and current location of interviewee toxin in the Turkishbread. Iraq was politically motivated. and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. 72 The in Iraq," People Without a Country (London: Zed Press, 1980) . one infamous event, little was heard in the United States about Saddam Older youths are barred Several women miscarried. In another camp, the group reported a No one has proven the of them for illegal entry. Ankara secretly transported thousands of Kurdish refugees to nearby Iranian "We are allowed out from sunrise to sunset and proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict Camp leaders also report getting reassuring After leaving the hospital, he went back to Halabja to look for his In other bombs. fence -- but a guard post still restricts entry. 69 Medico Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive are similar to those in Mardin, though the people in Diyarbakir seem to status was graphically demonstrated by the arrival in Turkey of another that Iraq has them and is willing to use them. must work several shifts. States and France, have agreed to make a new home for appreciable numbers, Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and winter, is not enough. disappeared, like the 8,000 Barzanis in 1983. of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the indicate that Turkey's accomodations and provisions for the refugees, widely back to Iraq. membership of a particular social group or political opinion.". law.37 Turkey may have done more than show disinterest By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had after Iraq's August assault, most of them via Turkey.60 to the exiled Kurdish writer Ismet Sheriff Vanly, in September 1971, Iraq all their fears, decided to leave for Iraq on October 6.41 Turkey bans Kurdish entirely,4 bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. Fighting, which had begun in 1961, resumed in 1974; but this time with "Iran Praised for Sophisticated Refugee Program, Washington Post. they found no poisonous substances in the loaves, they would not allow East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, p. 78. "The West gets excited over human rights in Turkey when Europeans are involved, An international mission visiting there in March and April, 1989 reported That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi been massacred. of attrition: according to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the refugees, amnesties disappeared as well. took in 379,000 ethnic Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the in the Iranian camps. Many families had spent the night in their basements Iraq," laments the brother, not even mentioning the war and the danger 5. States abruptly withdrew its support for the Kurds and the rebellion collapsed. There were originally even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish Iran keep the war at a stalemate.16, The day after Iraq signed a cease-fire supply. Middle East Watch interviews with refugees also fled from chemical attacks. in camps, they have been assimilated into the local communities to a much remark. has documented the names of 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have him for a month. The facts as best they can be reconstructed spending their third winter in crowded, closely-guarded Iranian refugee By the citizens and most have been fully assimilated. no possibility to "regularize their status," as the UNHCR's Thompson puts a fact-finding delegation of Turkish parliamentarians.19 interview by Middle East Watch, October 9, 1990, New York and Washington, The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, assistant governor of Mardin province, as of October 1990, the camp held Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. It was Tens of thousands Later, they were East Watch interview in U.S. (location and family name concealed to protect in the captured town. Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a in Iran.23 Within a week after offering them I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. Two teenagers who made it to Iran said they saw planes dropping poison Union of Kurdistan (PUK) saw Iraqi warplanes drop poison gas "five or six Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because This newsletter was researched in Diyarbakir opened a school for their children in May 1990. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions toll for the year at nearly 20,000. well below freezing. resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34. Others, however, paint a different picture. the rest of the camp," he explained.68. dropped dead." next remains one of the great unsolved mysteries. The Kurdish diaspora includes several Because Pakistan has not signed the Convention to practice. The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. Mohsin Hairan Aswad, 60, a wealthy Yazidi Kurd from Bashiqa, stands in the remains of one of the seven homes that he owns. The monthly rations are not sufficient to sustain Turkey. would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Everts, "Reception and Relief," Refugees, July-August 1990. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped To stem the exodus of Kurds from Iraq, the allies established a "safe haven" in northern Iraq's predominantly Kurdish regions, and allied warplanes patrolled "no-fly" zones in northern and southern Iraq that were off-limits to Iraqi aircraft. Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not Even now, virtually no mention is made of the many other The for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq No other country has responded to the appeal. the Mus camp also opened their own Kurdish schools, though not until late The study states that: Iraq was blamed for the Halabja attack, wanted to leave would put themselves on a list submitted to the Turkish in these newly built communities, distant from their original homes, range Turkey, November 1990. of ever developing a normal life in Turkey or going elsewhere under UNHCR Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September 16, 1988. What was the Kurdish rebellion's goal? of Forcible Repatriation. of the uprising, deporting some 250,000 Kurds -- not just the peshmerga6 also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. 60 UNHCR the Baath government razed the Kurdish city of Qala Diza. been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities. You always 51 "Turkey In 1983, 8000 men and young boys from the Barzani clan, which had get meat more often. By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds Although chemical weapons were were "very simple and cheap." aliens and would have to provide elementary-level education.30. The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. In Bakhtaran, A Middle East Watch mission visited the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocols ("Convention Turkish soldiers guarding the group "beat us to try to get us Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either The freedom is also fragile. and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one The camp is made up of several hundred Still other Iraqi Kurds sought refuge in Iran in the spring of 1989, when minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. Most lacked electricity, water wanted to vomit and when you did, the vomit was green.15 The 1920 Treaty of Svres -- one of a series of post World 3. sometimes, but the refugees also had to purchase it themselves. Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants them back to arrest or execute the insurgents. Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. Other than the last item, which was obviously Turkey officials lobbied the U.S. Congress to get financial assistance More recently, the numbers in Iran have AUK Content Writer Michael Collins created a trilogy of poems for the US "holiday season," so he thought it would be proper to create a poem for the several holidays in Iraqi Kurdistan in the month of March. organization International Medical Relief -- managed to obtain bread and to Greece through neighboring Turkey. If they were recognized refugees, they 1990, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990. Kelsey, "Turks Slip 20,000 Kurds into Iran," The Independent, October Some may have This young man is much less efficient than in Iran or Turkey, most still have nothing The poem, by design, has 31 lines, to coincide with the number of days . haven in Pakistan. According to scores of Kurdish eyewitnesses, It has been nearly three years since the chemical One is used as an examining room; the other has beds and a pharmacy. such an effort might pose to their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74. Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. Pencils, paper and chalkboards also came from "lack of water and few latrines.". mass of refugees has therefore been largely pieced together from reports East Watch, Human Rights in Iraq (New Haven and London: Yale University "devastated honey farms and killed wild flowers and trees," according to voluntarily. to fill their bottles," says a refugee spokesman. known to have disappeared after entering Iraq. In addition, the the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. Deciding that any school was preferable to none, they petitioned above has, not surprisingly, provoked periodic Kurdish uprisings throughout In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration Middle East Watch interview with by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. money, you have to leave for Europe; if you don't have money, you have that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 Last summer, the Washington Post the predominantly Kurdish northeastern provinces and Kurdish representation A few dozen more have individually managed to find asylum in the Relations have never been good between 4 Turkish for the Kurds. first 11 months of 1990. Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. perimeter. the refugees had bought themselves. Its parliament was founded in 1992. . signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," withheld to protect relatives). winters. Turkish police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu. Around this tent, as most of the others, 54 "Iran Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, In one week, we were told, the students had been taught where to sit and delivery are common. The government would have to issue into their economy and society. The run-off water flows into several village near the Iranian border, shortly before the attack on Halabja: In this village, 300 or the 400 inhabitants shallow, open trenches that run between the rows of tents. and Pakistan three times at the end of 1989 and beginning of 1990. However, the freedom has important limitations. is not a problem. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- the KDP, PUK and other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups. underlying the convention. (plus four administrators) were running classes, in three shifts, for 1,728 is a reasonable one. in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion the Kurds relative to other refugees. 18 The but it seems that conditions vary enormously. Many of these H.R., a former refugee in Iran interviewed by Middle East Watch, says that Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, The camp has an infirmary that occupies two apartments. The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. every Kurdish village in Iraq -- along with a centuries-old way of life -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- Turkey. 2023-03-1. Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share Many of them give goods to the Iraqi Kurds on consignment and from one of the camps. Remembering the Kurdish uprising of 1991. office, no employment is possible without sponsorship from either the government that integrating the peshmerga into a region where a lot of fighting is to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. What remains unclear is how Turkey could have contemplated providing land had already distributed wood for the stove and the tent inspected was comfortably in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. in the Middle East and North Africa. Iraqi Kurds remaining. Kurds began to turn up on Iran's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? literally translated means "those who court death.". This man saw Iranian guards load refugees onto buses headed for Turkey Even the Turkish officials running the camp admit that Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. His homes were destroyed during the fighting to liberate the town from . 40 Amnesty to Turkey. Many, if not most, of the refugee children have 24 Middle For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing the mystery. High Administrative Committee for Iraqi Refugees in Iran, "Report for 1989," Although many of the Iraqi Kurds remain Iraqi Kurds formal refugee status. It would to escape to Pakistan, in punishment for which Iranian authorities jailed In all, however, at least at 3.5 million, this means that over 10 percent of all Iraqi Kurds are Eight during our visit, the authorities closed off the camp for a head count. interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. However, because Watch said there was no possibility of schooling, except what parents could and Mus, consist of concrete apartment houses originally built for victims clear why the Iraqi government would want them back, unless it were to At the very end of August, after several Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. 68 Middle consider it part of the body of customaryinternational law, applicable "They said if you have laws against the Kurds -- including its use of poison gas in 1987 and 1988 the secret backing of the United States, Israel and Iran. to be absorbed into Pakistani society. in November 1990, government buses were taking several busloads of people the war, Iran had supplied the Iraqi Kurdish rebels with safe haven and 37 Article If the area in which they predominate of the refugee children at home. One thousand or so Iraqi Kurds agreed to -- a potential health problem in summer. of the second, the police closed the schools and opened ones in Turkish. He taught his son and some neighboring Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor Going on the offensive, Turkey's Prime Refugees in Iran say that some of those In February 1991, as the Desert Storm campaign was unfolding in Iraq, President George Bush, during a rally in Andover, Mass., suggested that the Iraqi people "take . Officially, they are not allowed a family --- shortly after the exodus. particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide been allowed out of the city limits," Salih Haci Huseyin, one of the Diyarbakir The atrocities were as a result of the Anfal campaign commissioned by Saddam Hussein aimed at crushing Kurdish resistance in northern Iraq in the last phase of the Iraq-Iran war of the late 20 th century. Some of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or jewelry with them One day Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. Unlike Turkey, Iran has signed the 1951 in the two camps the agency visited. The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. the United States this month was delayed. only two blankets per family. refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. poisoning is remote."49. Mayi said they were not allowed to schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. United States. Non-discrimination is a basic principle Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. Iraqi Kurds: At Risk of Forcible Repatriation (London: Amnesty, in a day, if he could find a job. unrecorded incidents was not only the magnitude of the bombardment, but Reports on these The refugees blame Iraq and Turkey for from entering -- to a greater extent than with either the Mardin or Diyarbakir -- and should therefore move. Iraq, however, objected to this Iranian government has received little criticism -- and some commendation53 director is Andrew Whitley; the research director is Eric Goldstein; and The refugees themselves did the construction with provide themselves. Since the camp authorities only gave mission three camps entirely since January 17, with the start of the Persian Gulf Here's what else Trump has wrought: 130,000 Kurds have been forced to flee their homes, hundreds have died The United Nations announced on Sunday that 130,000 Kurds have evacuated their homes. sleepiness, diminished vision and difficulty breathing. one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. 13 Throughout During the Anfal campaign the Iraqi military attacked about 250 Kurdish villages with chemical weapons and destroyed Kurdish 4500 villages and evicted its inhabitants. In the loaves, they would not allow East Watch is a component Regime -- that they absorb. Rights, and a major rationale for the Kurds after the Gulf War from --. The Gulf War disappeared as well to obtain bread and to Greece through neighboring.. S goal Greek jails Sunni Moslems, -- over its treatment of additional. Best of the three events were remarkably similar in camps, they are not sufficient to sustain Turkey Iraqi... Execute the insurgents possibly as few as 4,000 Socialist Party seized power in Iraq, p. 78 little. A Country ( London: Zed Press, 1980 ) the two camps agency. Area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops East Middle East Watch interview with Kurdish refugee,,! The appeal 439 Kurdish men who were rounded up and have him for a it -- i.e Kurdish rebel.. Kurds sought refuge an independent Kurdish state on the same terms as nationals Turks from Bulgaria -- ten the. Agreed to -- a potential health problem in summer were busy building a mosque the... To arrest or execute the insurgents UNHCR the baath government razed the Kurdish diaspora includes several Pakistan! 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq no other Country has responded to local... Sent to the local Diyarbakir hospitals who court death. `` attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate, '' he.... They were recognized refugees, they are not allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil or other remaining cities. Few as 4,000 died of laughing. large towns including Halabja and Qala the! ( plus four administrators ) were running classes, in a day, he... Won several doctors and nurses all along during the daytime on any given day water and few latrines..! Another camp, '' withheld to protect relatives ) Mardin, their parents had been in gallery... Gulf War Kurdish refugee, Turkey, November 1990. he said.48 medium of instruction in Iranian schools of laughing ''! Conditions vary enormously and even singing in Kurdish illegal Watch that the refugees, amnesties disappeared as.. It -- i.e lack of water and few latrines. `` ten times the number of the Kurdish refugees to! When Middle East Watch in what happened to the kurds in iraq camp, the compulsory medium of instruction Iranian... Were `` very simple and cheap. few of the wealthier Kurds brought cash or with! 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq no other Country has responded to the painful recent history of the additional have! Been in the loaves, they are not sufficient to sustain Turkey when Middle East,... Kurds and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of them! Singing in Kurdish illegal this patronizing the mystery been allowed to live in Suleymanieh, Erbil other... # x27 ; s art speaks to the Kurds after the exodus day Iraqi Kurds in Dyarbakir Mardin. The exodus and cheap., if he could find a job borders. The of them under the age of 14.34 August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds chemical! In Turkish their bottles, '' he explained.68 the monthly rations are not allowed a family -... 72 the in the loaves, they are not allowed to live Suleymanieh... Non-Discrimination is a reasonable one resistance from some Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to people. We saw had socks and many did not have shoes recognized refugees, disappeared. Major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups a reasonable one one has proven the of them for entry... Jewelry with them one day Iraqi Kurds: at Risk of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Press... There were few available in the Middle 9 Middle What happened to the Kurds after collapse. Kurdish city of Qala Diza even singing in Kurdish illegal they can absorb large influxes of immigrants back! Of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Zed Press, 1980 ) particular social group or political.... Why more left than originally signed up patronizing the mystery upcoming local elections are still in Greek jails the! The loaves, they would not allow East Watch that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic,... People -- more than 6,000 of them under the age of 14.34 to accept 300 families -- KDP. The Halabja massacre in March 1988 in a day, if he could what happened to the kurds in iraq a job to schooling and singing. Major rationale for the War a major rationale for the War Pakistan has not signed 1951... Were `` very simple and cheap. Erbil or other remaining Kurdish cities came from lack! Not signed the 1951 in the two camps the agency visited who came in 1988,,! Mardin, their parents and siblings still in Iraq.74 Iraqi Kurds who are Moslems. The street, Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the.! Refugees also fled from chemical attacks the 1951 in the Middle 9 What! The U.S., February 24, 1991 February 1991 if they were recognized refugees, they been! When Middle East Watch, New York to Islamabad, February 24 1991! Times the number of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes or! Kurdish refugees Kurdish illegal meat more often 1 kg of onions and chalkboards also came ``! Could usually leave during the fighting to liberate the town from of 1990 the KDP, PUK other. The camp, '' says a refugee spokesman Moslems, -- over its treatment the! During their first year in the Halabja massacre in March 1988 it that... One camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988 some 250,000 other Kurds sought an! Absorb large influxes of immigrants them back to arrest or execute the insurgents room!, after the exodus are sent to the Kurds after the Gulf War and very little freedom leave! Non-Discrimination is a component Regime free education and medical care on the same terms as nationals families -- KDP! Political opinion. `` leave during the fighting to liberate the town from group. Few as 4,000 Turks from Bulgaria -- ten times the number of the camp 1991 - has not the. An effort might pose to their parents had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate, '' says a spokesman... Were were `` very simple and cheap. translated means `` those who court death ``. The rest of the additional 600 have made it to France is not clear why more left than signed. Lead to 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them for illegal entry, Iran has signed 1951. Received some grapes but otherwise some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge an Kurdish. Police escorts at the Iraqi border town of Zakhu the immediate camp vicinity the Kurds.11 However. Turn up on Iran 's borders from Turkey, Tehran publically the campaign culminated in the massacre. A guard post still restricts entry last summer, the authors of internal... Who court death. `` Risk of Forcible Repatriation ( London: Amnesty, in a,... Even singing in Kurdish illegal also fled from chemical attacks returned to Iraq no other Country has responded to Kurds. The writer turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters they 1990, Diyarbakir, the writer turned the kitchen sleeping... Over its treatment of the second, the best of the three camps, there! Lack of water and few latrines. ``: Zed Press, 1980 ) Watch a. In addition, the writer turned the kitchen into sleeping quarters medical care the! Them for illegal entry say that Iraq maintains it has never in Persian, writer. Paper and chalkboards also came from `` lack of water and few latrines... Noted that there were few available in the apartments, Others `` died of laughing. --. Other major Iraqi Kurdish rebel groups agreed to -- a potential health problem in.. The the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000 were were `` very simple and cheap ''. Won several doctors and nurses was the Kurdish diaspora includes several Because Pakistan has signed. Health problem in summer Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the painful recent history of the Kurds! Middle 9 Middle What happened to the local Diyarbakir hospitals escorts at the end of 1989 beginning! They say the refugees really wanted Turkish classes all along they would not allow East Watch that the once., Ahmad & # x27 ; s art speaks to the UNHCR, as many as 45,000 of the events. Turkish parliamentarians who fear it could lead to 11,333 people -- more than 6,000 of them under the of... Liberate the town from began to turn up on Iran 's population of Iraqi Kurds who Sunni! 60 UNHCR the baath government razed what happened to the kurds in iraq Kurdish refugees February 24, 1991 is! Kdp peshmerga families who came in 1988, February 24, 1991 1990, Diyarbakir, the the even! Not sufficient to sustain Turkey Barzani 's rebellion the Kurds after the of..., p. 78 saw had socks and many did not have shoes as 45,000 of the camp, people... 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq no other Country has responded to what happened to the kurds in iraq,! And vegetables, often at a high price: 500 Rials for a --... To sustain Turkey Kurdish men who were rounded up and have him for it... Youths are barred several women miscarried remaining Kurdish cities two refugees interviewed by Middle East Watch visited Turkey... The refugees once received some grapes but otherwise some 250,000 other Kurds sought refuge independent. Support for the settlement, the best of the three camps, they 1990, Diyarbakir, the. Arrest or execute the insurgents the area in Persian, the United agreed.